Sarcoidosis a systemic chronic granulomatous disease characterized by noncaseating granulomas in the involvement organs. The etiology of the disease has yet to be precisely defined. The prevalence of sarcoidosis is 0.1-640 per one hundred thousand. In addition to the lungs, the other commonly involved organs are the skin, eyes, and joints. In previous investigations renal disorders were reported as 0.9% of sarcoidosis cases. In 50% of these cases, calcium metabolism disorders were found. However, proteinuria and hematuria are not common complications of sarcoidosis. This case report aims to argue for the rare association of sarcoidosis and IgA nephropathy, by presenting a case with proteinuria and IgA nephropathy in the renal biopsy.

While it is well known that some genetic factors definitively increase the risk for arterial or venous thrombosis, it is still controversial whether or not that risk is augmented by plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI- 1) and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) D/D mutations. This study presents a patient with concurrent pulmonary thromboembolism and brachial artery embolism, who showed PAI-1 and ACE D/D mutations in genetic analyses. The patient, a 56-year-old male, presented to the emergency department with complaints of chest pain, pain in the left arm, shortness of breath, and fainting. The physical examination and diagnostic workup revealed concurrent massive pulmonary thromboembolism and brachial artery embolism. Transesophageal echocardiography did not display any intracardiac shunt. The patient recovered with thrombolytic treatment and surgical brachial artery embolectomy. In conclusion, it should be kept in mind that venous and arterial thromboembolism may coincide with the presence of genetic risk factors, and intracardiac shunts should be investigated for possible paradoxical embolism.

Tracheal bronchus is a rarely seen congenital anomaly of the bronchial tree. This anomaly may cause a variable spectrum of clinical findings, ranging from asymptomatic patients to recurrent pulmonary infections. Recently, the number of cases diagnosed has increased due to the widespread use of flexible bronchoscopy and multislice tomography. A case of tracheal bronchus accompanying trisomy 21 is presented along with information from the literature.

The incidence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is 10- 15% of all tuberculosis cases. In the group of extrapulmonary tuberculosis cases, tuberculosis of the tongue (0.14-0.2% of all tuberculosis cases) is the most frequent tuberculosis form of the oral cavity. It can be seen as a primary infection, which is very rare and mostly seen in young tuberculosis cases or secondarily, which is seen in the elderly and generally accompanied by active pulmonary tuberculosis. In our case, we encountered a positive sputum smear for acid-fast bacilli, high ADA level in pleural effusion, and granulomatous infection with caseification in the tongue biopsy and started to administer antituberculosis treatment. As three forms of tuberculosis could be seen together in our case, we attempted to highlight that tuberculosis of the tongue should be considered in oral cavity lesions.

Hydatid cysts are parasitic infections caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Most of the cysts are asymptomatic. They most commonly involve the liver and lungs. The most common complication of hydatid cyst of the lung is the rupture of the cyst into a bronchus. Tension pneumothorax due to a ruptured hydatid cyst, on the other hand, is a very rare complication. We present in this paper a rare case with a hydatid cyst rupturing into the pleural cavity, causing tension pneumothorax. A 7-year-old girl presented with dyspnea, tachypnea, cyanosis, and tachycardia. Tension pneumothorax and a central lesion with a homogenous, smooth wall were detected. CT following tube thoracostomy revealed a ruptured hydatid cyst. The patient underwent cystotomy, closure of bronchial ostia, capitonnage, and partial decortication with posterolateral thoracotomy.

We present a case with occult bronchial foreign body presenting with hemoptysis mimicking a lung carcinoma. A 77-year-old man presented to our clinic for repeated attacks of hemoptysis for the previous four years. Computed tomography of the thorax showed consolidation in the lower left lobe. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed a brownish black lesion in the proximal part of the lower left lobe bronchus with granulation tissue. It was removed and upon examination, it was found to be a piece of hazelnut.

Schwannoma is a solitary, capsulated lesion and originates from the neural tissue. They are primarily located in the thorax in the costovertebral sulcus, but may rarely originate from peripheral intercostal nerves. Less than 10% of primary thoracic neurogenic tumors originate from the peripheral intercostal nerves. Radiological investigation is useful to differentiate the lesions of the chest wall and lung parenchyma. Schwannomas are generally asymptomatic lesions and diagnosis and treatment depend on the surgical excision of mass. Our case was a 31-yearold female with a cough and occasional chest pain. The chest X-ray revealed a smooth mass at right apical zone of the lung. It was treated with thoracoscopic surgery and diagnosed as intercostal schwannoma. This case was presented with radiological and pathological differential diagnosis and symptoms

Sarcomatoid carcinomas are rarely observed lung tumors. A 77-year-old male patient was admitted to our clinic with complaints of cough, anorexia, and weight loss. He had no history of smoking. A mass lesion in the lower lobe of the right lung was detected in the posteroanterior chest x- ray and thorax computed tomography. A fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed. The biopsy result from the endobronchial lesion in the medial segment of the lower lobe in the right lung was consistent with spindle cell carcinoma of the lung. The patient was evaluated to have stage 3b non-small cell lung carcinoma and six cycles of chemotherapy were applied. An enlarged mass lesion and liver metastases were seen in the control thorax computed tomography at the sixth month of the therapy. We presented this case with spindle cell lung carcinoma as a rarely seen tumor with aggressive progression.

Marfan's syndrome (MFS) is a connective tissue disorder inherited by autosomal dominance and primarily affecting the ocular, musculoskeletal, and cardiovascular systems. Its pulmonary manifestations, such as spontaneous pneumothorax, apical blebs, and bullae, are rarely seen. We present a young male patient, incidentally diagnosed with MFS, while under treatment for chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. Apical parenchymal involvement of MFS and pulmonary tuberculosis were discussed.

Thymic cysts are uncommon lesions, constituting 1- 3% of all mediastinal masses. Most of these cysts are asymptomatic and found incidentally through routine chest roentgenograms. Our patient was asymptomatic, and a routine chest x-ray revealed mediastinal widening. A mediastinal mass, 6x4 cm in dimension, was detected by computed tomography. The lesion was hypodense, well defined, and cystic in nature. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thorax revealed a typical cyst expanding from the rudimentary thymus tissue. Although total excision of the cyst is the preferred treatment modality in these patients, close radiological follow-up of our patient revealed total remission. In conclusion, asymptomatic thymic cysts can be radiologically monitored and spontaneous remission can be observed.

Sclerosing hemangioma is a rare benign neoplasm of the lung. A 23-year-old female patient was admitted to our center with back pain for the previous three months. A computed tomography of the chest revealed two nodules on the right lower lobe. Surgical exploration revealed a total of four nodules in the lower lobe and a frozen section examination of the two of them reported that the masses have a high level of suspicion of malignancy. A right lower lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection was applied. After histopathological and immunohistochemical examination the patient was diagnosed with a pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma. This particular case is presented as a case of a younger patient, and furthermore, multiple masses are quite rare in this type of pathology.